Genomics and AI in causal inference

UP PSN Annual Science Meeting, Glasgow, April 2025

Kenneth Baillie FRSE FMedSci

Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, University of Edinburgh
Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh
Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh
MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh

Finding treatments for new diseases is really hard

Host genetics is a core question in every outbreak

SARS	H1N1	H5N1	MERS	Ebola		Zika	Covid-19	Acute Hepatitis	Gp A Strep
2002	2009	2010	2012	2014	2015	2015	2020	2022	2023
	GenISIS MOSAIC		ISARIC CCP		GenOMICC
OAS1	IFITM3						TYK2	MHC
							Treatment (Baricitinib)	Diagnosis

OAS1: He et al. BMC Infect. Dis. 6, 106 (2006)
IFITM3: Everitt et al. Nature 484:519‑23 (2012)
TYK2: Pairo‑Castineira E et al. Nature 591:92–98 (2020)
MHC: Ho A et al. Nature 617:555–563 (2023)

Severe disease is strongly influenced by your DNA

• 6 - Environment Inherited
• 5 -
• 4 -
• 3 -
• 2 -
• 1 -

• Cardiovascular
• Cancer
• Infection

The knowledge gap

AI - causal inference

AI - causal inference

AI - DNA as a language

RECOVERY

• Peter Horby, University of Oxford
• Martin Landray, University of Oxford
• Richard Haynes, University of Oxford

Edinburgh

• Lee Murphy
• Angie Fawkes
• Nicola Wrobel

Glasgow

• Emma Thomson
• Toni Ho

GenOMICC Investigators

Erola Pairo-Castineira, Sara Clohisey, Lucija Klaric, Andrew D. Bretherick, Konrad Rawlik*, Dorota Pasko, Susan Walker, Nick Parkinson, Max Head Fourman, Clark D. Russell, James Furniss, Anne Richmond, Elvina Gountouna, Nicola Wrobel, David Harrison, Bo Wang, Yang Wu, Alison Meynert, Fiona Griffiths, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Athanasios Kousathanas, Loukas Moutsianas, Zhijian Yang, Ranran Zhai, Chenqing Zheng, Graeme Grimes, Rupert Beale, Jonathan Millar, Barbara Shih, Sean Keating, Marie Zechner, Chris Haley, David J. Porteous, Caroline Hayward, Jian Yang, Julian Knight, Charlotte Summers, Manu Shankar-Hari, Paul Klenerman, Lance Turtle, Antonia Ho, Shona C. Moore, Charles Hinds, Peter Horby, Alistair Nichol, David Maslove, Lowell Ling, Danny McAuley, Hugh Montgomery, Timothy Walsh, Alex Pereira, Alessandra Renieri, The GenOMICC Investigators, The ISARIC4C Investigators, The COVID-19 Human Genetics Initiative, 23andMe Investigators, BRACOVID Investigators, Gen-COVID Investigators, Xia Shen, Chris P. Ponting, Angie Fawkes, Albert Tenesa, Mark Caulfield, Richard Scott, Kathy Rowan, Lee Murphy, Peter J. M. Openshaw, Malcolm G. Semple, Andrew Law, Veronique Vitart, James F. Wilson & J. Kenneth Baillie.

Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK

D Collier ( PI ), S Wood ( Lead Nurse ), A Zak ( Lead Nurse ), C Borra, M Matharu, P May, Z Alldis, O Mitchelmore, R Bowles, A Easthorpe, F Bibi, I Lancoma-Malcolm, J Gurasashvili, J Pheby, J Shiel, M Bolton, M Patel, M Taylor, O Zongo, P Ebano, P Harding, R Astin-Chamberlain, Y Choudhury, A Cox, D Kallon, M Burton, R Hall, S Blowes, Z Prime, J Biddle, O Prysyazhna, T Newman, C Tierney, J Kassam.

Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK

M Shankar-Hari ( PI ), M Ostermann ( Co-PI ), S Campos ( Lead Nurse ), A Bociek, R Lim, N Grau, T O Jones, C Whitton, M Marotti, G Arbane.

James Cook University Hospital, Middlesburgh, UK

S. Bonner ( PI ), K Hugill, J Reid.

The Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK

I Welters ( PI ), V Waugh ( Lead Nurse ), K Williams, D Shaw, J Fernandez Roman, M Lopez Martinez, E Johnson, A Waite, B Johnson, O Hamilton, S Mulla.

King’s College Hospital, London, UK

M McPhail ( PI ), J Smith.

Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

J K Baillie ( PI ), L Barclay ( Lead Nurse ), D Hope, C McCulloch, L McQuillan, S Clark, J Singleton, K Priestley, N Rea, M Callaghan, R Campbell, G Andrew, L Marshall.

John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

S McKechnie ( PI ), P Hutton ( Lead Nurse ), A Bashyal, N Davidson.

Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

C Summers ( PI ), P Polgarova ( Lead Nurse ), K Stroud, N Pathan, K Elston, S Agrawal.

Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK

C Battle ( PI ), L Newey ( Co-PI ), T Rees ( Lead Nurse ), R Harford, E Brinkworth, M Williams, C Murphy.

Ashford and St Peter’s Hospital, Surrey, UK

I White ( PI ), M Croft ( Lead Nurse ).

Royal Stoke University Hospital, Staffordshire, UK

N Bandla ( PI ), M Gellamucho ( Lead Nurse ), J Tomlinson, H Turner, M Davies, A Quinn, I Hussain, C Thompson, H Parker, R Bradley, R Griffiths.

Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

J. Scriven ( PI ), J Gill.

Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK

A Puxty ( PI ), S Cathcart ( Lead Nurse ), D Salutous, L Turner, K Duffy, K Puxty.

Kingston Hospital, Surrey, UK

A Joseph ( PI ), R Hermangrant ( Lead Nurse ), R Simms, A Swain, A Naranjo, R Crowe, K Sollesta, A Loveridge, D Baptista, E Morino.

The Tunbridge Wells Hospital and Maidstone Hospital, Kent, UK

M Davey ( PI ), D Golden ( Co-PI ), J Jones( Lead Nurse ).

North Middlesex University Hospital NHS trust, London, UK

J Moreno Cuesta ( PI ), A Haldeos ( Co-PI ), D Bakthavatsalam ( Lead Nurse ), R Vincent ( Lead Nurse ), M Elhassan, K Xavier, A Ganesan, D Purohit M Abdelrazik.

Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK

J Morgan ( PI ), L Akeroyd ( Lead Nurse ), S Bano, D Warren, M Bromley, K Sellick, L Gurr, B Wilkinson, V Nagarajan, P Szedlak.

Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK

J Cupitt ( PI ), E Stoddard ( Lead Nurse ), L Benham ( Lead Nurse ), S Preston, N Slawson, Z Bradshaw, J brown, M Caswell, S Melling.

Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK

P Bamford ( PI ), M Faulkner ( Lead Nurse ), K Cawley ( Lead Nurse ), H Jeffrey ( Lead Nurse ), E London, H Sainsbury, I Nagra, F Nasir, Ce Dunmore, R Jones, A Abraheem, M Al-Moasseb, R Girach.

Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK

C Brantwood ( PI ), P Alexander ( Co-PI ), J Bradley-Potts ( Lead Nurse ), S Allen, T Felton.

St George’s Hospital, London, UK

S Manna ( PI ), S Farnell-Ward ( PI ), S Leaver ( Co-PI ), J Queiroz ( Lead Nurse ), E Maccacari ( Lead Nurse ), D Dawson, C Castro Delgado, R Pepermans Saluzzio, O Ezeobu, L Ding, C Sicat, R Kanu, G Durrant, J Texeira, A Harrison, T Samakomva.

Good Hope Hospital, Birmingham, UK

J Scriven ( PI ), H Willis, B Hopkins ( Lead Nurse ), L Thrasyvoulou ( Lead Nurse ).

Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport, UK

M Jackson ( PI ), A Zaki ( Co-PI ), C Tibke ( Lead Nurse ), S Bennett, W Woodyatt, A Kent, E Goodwin.

Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK

C Brandwood ( PI ), R Clark, L Smith.

Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, UK

K Rooney ( PI ), N Thomson ( Lead Nurse ), N Rodden ( Lead Nurse ), E Hughes ( Lead Nurse ), D McGlynn ( Lead Nurse ), C Clark ( Lead Nurse ), P Clark ( Lead Nurse ), L Abel ( Lead Nurse ), R Sundaram, L Gemmell, M Brett, J Hornsby, P MacGoey, R Price, B Digby, P O’Neil, P McConnell, P Henderson.

Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK

S Henderson ( PI ), M Sim ( Co-PI ), S Kennedy-Hay ( Lead Nurse ), C McParland, L Rooney, N Baxter.

Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

D Pogson ( PI ), S Rose ( Lead Nurse ), Z Daly, L Brimfield.

BHRUT (Barking Havering) - Queens Hospital and King George Hospital,

Essex, UK

M K Phull ( PI ), M Hussain ( Co-PI ), T Pogreban ( Lead Nurse ), L Rosaroso ( Lead Nurse ), E Salciute L Grauslyte.

University College Hospital, London, UK

D Brealey ( PI ), E Wraith ( Co-PI ), N MacCallum ( Co-PI ), G Bercades ( Lead Nurse ), I Hass, D Smyth, A Reyes, G Martir.

Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

I D Clement ( PI ), K Webster ( Lead Nurse ), C Hays, A Gulati.

Western Sussex Hospitals, West Sussex, UK

L Hodgson ( PI ), M Margarson ( Co-PI ), R Gomez ( Lead Nurse ), Y Baird ( Lead Nurse ), Y Thirlwall, L Folkes, A Butler, E Meadows, S Moore, D Raynard, H Fox, L Riddles, K King, S Kimber, G Hobden, A McCarthy, V Cannons, I Balagosa, I Chadbourn, A Gardner.

Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK

D Horner ( PI ), D McLaughlanv ( Lead Nurse ), B Charles ( Lead Nurse ), N Proudfoot, T Marsden, L Mc Morrow, B Blackledge, J Pendlebury, A Harvey, E Apetri, C Basikolo, L Catlow, R Doonan, K Knowles, S Lee, D Lomas, C Lyons, J Perez, M Poulaka, M Slaughter, K Slevin, M Taylor, V Thomas, D Walker, J Harris.

The Royal Oldham Hospital, Manchester, UK

A Drummond ( PI ), R Tully ( Co-PI ), J Dearden ( Lead Nurse ), J Philbin, S Munt, C Rishton, G O’Connor, M Mulcahy, E Dobson, J Cuttler, M Edward.

Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, UK

A Rose ( PI ), B Sloan ( Co-PI ), S Buckley ( Lead Nurse ), H Brooke, E Smithson, R Charlesworth, R Sandu, M Thirumaran, V Wagstaff, J Cebrian Suarez.

Basildon Hospital, Basildon, UK

A Kaliappan ( PI ), M Vertue ( Lead Nurse ), A Nicholson, J Riches, A Solesbury, L Kittridge, M Forsey, G Maloney.

University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK

J Cole ( PI ), M Davies, R Davies, H Hill, E Thomas, A Williams, D Duffin, B Player.

Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK

J Radhakrishnan ( PI ), S Gibson, A Lyle, F McNeela.

Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK

B Patel ( PI ), M Gummadi ( Lead Nurse ), G Sloane, N Dormand, S Salmi, Z Farzad, D Cristiano, K Liyanage, V Thwaites, M Varghese.

Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK

M Meredith ( PI ).

Royal Hallamshire Hospital and Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK

G Mills ( PI ), J Willson ( Lead Nurse ), K Harrington, B Lenagh, K Cawthron, S Masuko, A Raithatha, K Bauchmuller, N Ahmad, J Barker, Y Jackson, F Kibutu, S Bird.

Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Hampshire, UK

G Watson ( PI ), J Martin ( Lead Nurse ), E Bevan, C Wrey Brown, D Trodd.

Queens Hospital Burton, Burton-On-Trent, UK

K English ( PI ), G Bell ( Lead Nurse ), L Wilcox ( Lead Nurse ), A Katary.

New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK

S Gopal ( PI ), V Lake ( Lead Nurse ), N Harris ( Lead Nurse ), S Metherell, E Radford.

Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK

J Scriven ( PI ), F Moore, H Bancroft, J Daglish, M Sangombe, M Carmody, J Rhodes, M Bellamy.

Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK

A Garg ( PI ), A Kuravi ( Co-PI ), E Virgilio ( Lead Nurse ), P Ranga ( Lead Nurse ), J Butler ( Lead Nurse ), L Botfield, C Dexter, J Fletcher.

Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire, UK

P Shanmugasundaram ( PI ), G Hambrook ( Lead Nurse ), I Burn, K Manso, D Thornton, J Tebbutt, R Penn.

Sandwell General Hospital, Birmingham, UK

J Hulme ( PI ), S Hussain ( Lead Nurse ), Z Maqsood, S Joseph, J Colley , A Hayes, C Ahmed, R Haque, S Clamp, R Kumar, M Purewal, B Baines.

Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK

M Frise ( PI ), N Jaques, H Coles ( Lead Nurse ), J Caterson, S Gurung Rai, M Brunton, E Tilney, L Keating, A Walden.

Charing Cross Hospital, St Mary’s Hospital and Hammersmith Hospital,

London, UK

D Antcliffe ( PI ), A Gordon ( Co-PI ), M Templeton ( Lead Nurse ), R Rojo, D Banach, S Sousa Arias, Z Fernandez, P Coghlan.

Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, UK

D Williams ( PI ), C Jardine ( Lead Nurse ).

Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK

J Bewley ( PI ), K Sweet ( Lead Nurse ), L Grimmer, R Johnson, Z Garland, B Gumbrill.

Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK

C Phillips ( PI ), L Ortiz-Ruiz de Gordoa ( Co-PI ), E Peasgood.

Whiston Hospital, Prescot, UK

A Tridente ( PI ), K Shuker ( Lead Nurse ) S Greer.

Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cardiff, UK

C Lynch ( PI ), C Pothecary ( Lead Nurse ), L Roche ( Lead Nurse ), B Deacon ( Lead Nurse ), K Turner, J Singh, G Sera Howe.

King’s Mill Hospital, Nottingham, UK

P Paul ( PI ), M Gill ( Lead Nurse ), I Wynter, V Ratnam, S Shelton.

Fairfield General Hospital, Bury, UK

J Naisbitt ( PI ), J Melville.

Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

R Baruah ( PI ), S Morrison ( Lead Nurse ).

Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK

A McGregor ( PI ), V Parris ( Co-PI ), M Mpelembue ( Lead Nurse ), S Srikaran, C Dennis, A Sukha.

Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK

A Williams ( PI ), M Verlande.

Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK

K Holding ( PI ), K Riches ( Lead Nurse ), C Downes, C Swan.

Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK

A Rostron ( PI ), A Roy ( Co-PI ), L Woods ( Lead Nurse ), S Cornell, F Wakinshaw.

Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK

B Creagh-Brown ( PI ), H Blackman ( Lead Nurse ), A Salberg ( Lead Nurse ), E Smith, S Donlon, S Mtuwa, N Michalak-Glinska, S Stone, C Beazley, V Pristopan.

Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK

N Nikitas ( PI ), L Lankester ( Lead Nurse ), C Wells.

Croydon University Hospital, Croydon, UK

A S Raj ( PI ), K Fletcher ( Co-PI ), R Khade ( Lead Nurse ), G Tsinaslanidis.

Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK

M McMahon ( PI ), S Fowler ( Lead Nurse ), A McGregor ( Lead Nurse ), T Coventry.

Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, UK

R Stewart ( PI ), L Wren ( Lead Nurse ), E Mwaura ( Lead Nurse ), L Mew ( Lead Nurse ), A Rose ( Lead Nurse ), D Scaletta, F Williams.

Barnsley Hospital, Barnsley, UK

K Inweregbu ( PI ), A Nicholson ( Lead Nurse ), N Lancaster, M Cunningham, A Daniels, L Harrison, S Hope, S Jones, A Crew, G Wray, J Matthews, R Crawley.

York Hospital, York, UK

J Carter ( PI ), I Birkinshaw ( Lead Nurse ), J Ingham, Z Scott, K Howard, R Joy, S Roche.

University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton on Tees, UK

M Clark ( PI ), S Purvis ( Lead Nurse ).

University Hospital Wishaw, Wishaw, UK

A Morrison ( PI ), D Strachan ( Co-PI ), M Taylor ( Lead Nurse ), S Clements, K Black.

Whittington Hospital, London, UK

C Parmar ( PI ), A Altabaibeh ( Co-PI ), K Simpson ( Lead Nurse ), L Mostoles ( Lead Nurse ), K Gilbert, L Ma, A Alvaro.

Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK

M Thomas ( PI ), B Faulkner ( Lead Nurse ), R Worner, K Hayes, E Gendall, H Blakemore, B Borislavova, E Goff.

The Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK

A Vuylsteke ( PI ), L Mwaura ( Co-PI ), J Zamikula ( Lead Nurse ), L Garner, A Mitchell, S Mepham, L Cagova, A Fofano, H Holcombe, K Praman.

Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK

T Szakmany ( PI ), A E Heron ( Lead Nurse ), S Cherian ( Lead Nurse ), S Cutler, A Roynon-Reed.

Norfolk and Norwich University hospital (NNUH), Norwich, UK

G Randell ( PI ), K Convery ( Lead Nurse ), K Stammers D Fottrell-Gould, L Hudig, J Keshet-price.

Great Ormond St Hospital and UCL Great Ormond St Institute of Child

Health NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK

M Peters ( PI ), L O’Neill ( Lead Nurse ), S Ray, H Belfield, T McHugh, G Jones, O Akinkugbe, A Tomas, E Abaleke, E Beech, H Meghari, S Yussuf, A Bamford.

Airedale General Hospital, Keighley, UK

B Hairsine ( PI ), E Dooks ( Lead Nurse ), F Farquhar ( Lead Nurse ), S Packham ( Lead Nurse ), H Bates ( Lead Nurse ), C McParland, L Armstrong.

Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK

C Kaye ( PI ), A Allan ( Lead Nurse ), J Medhora, J Liew, A Botello, F Anderson.

Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK

R Cusack ( PI ), H Golding ( Lead Nurse ), K Prager, T Williams, S Leggett, K Golder, M Male, O Jones, K Criste, M Marani.

Russell’s Hall Hospital, Dudley, UK

Dr. Anumakonda ( PI ), V Amin ( Co-PI ), K Karthik ( Co-PI ), R Kausar ( Co-PI ), E Anastasescu ( Lead Nurse ), K Reid ( Lead Nurse ), Ms. Jacqui.

Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham, UK

A Hormis ( PI ), R Walker ( Lead Nurse ), D Collier.

North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK

T Duncan ( PI ), A Uriel ( Co-PI ), A Ustianowski ( Co-PI ), H T-Michael ( Lead Nurse ), M Bruce, K Connolly, K Smith.

Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, UK

R Partridge ( PI ), D Griffin, M McDonald, N Muchenje.

Royal Free Hospital, London, UK

D Martin ( PI ), H Filipe ( Lead Nurse ), C Eastgate, C Jackson.

Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK

A Gratrix ( PI ), L Foster, V Martinson, E Stones, Caroline Abernathy, P Parkinson.

Harefield Hospital, London, UK

A Reed ( PI ), C Prendergast ( Lead Nurse ), P Rogers, M Woodruff, R Shokkar, S Kaul, A Barron, C Collins.

Chesterfield Royal Hospital Foundation Trust, Chesterfield, UK

S Beavis( PI ), A Whileman ( Lead Nurse ), K Dale, J Hawes, K Pritchard, R Gascoyne, L Stevenson.

Barnet Hospital, London, UK

R Jha ( PI ), L Lim ( Lead Nurse ), V Krishnamurthy.

Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK

R Parker ( PI ), I Turner-Bone ( Lead Nurse ), L Wilding, A Reddy.

St James’s University Hospital and Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK

S Whiteley ( PI ), E Wilby ( Lead Nurse ), C Howcroft, A Aspinwall, S Charlton, B Ogg.

Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan, UK

D Menzies ( PI ), R Pugh ( Co-PI ), E Allan ( Lead Nurse ), R Lean, F Davies, J Easton, X Qiu, S Kumar, K Darlington.

University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK

G Houston ( PI ), P O’Brien, T Geary, J Allan, A Meikle.

Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK

G Hughes ( PI ), M Balasubramaniam ( Co-PI ), S Latham ( Lead Nurse ), E McKenna ( Lead Nurse ), R Flanagan.

Princess of Wales Hospital, Llantrisant, UK

S Sathe ( PI ), E Davies, L Roche.

Pilgrim Hospital, Lincoln, UK

M Chablani ( PI ), A Kirkby, K Netherton, S Archer.

Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK

B Yates ( PI ), C Ashbrook-Raby.

Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

S Cole ( PI ), M Casey ( Co-PI ), L Cabrelli ( Lead Nurse ), S Chapman, M Casey, P Austin, A Hutcheon, C Whyte, C Almaden- Boyle.

Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK

N Pattison ( PI ), C Cruz ( Lead Nurse ).

Bedford Hospital, Bedford, UK

A Vochin ( PI ), H Kent, A Thomas, S Murdoch ( Co-PI ), B David ( Lead Nurse ), M Penacerrada, G Lubimbi, V Bastion, R Wulandari, J Valentine, D Clarke.

Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK

A Serrano-Ruiz ( PI ), S Hierons ( Lead Nurse ), L Ramos, C Demetriou, S Mitchard, K White.

Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK

N White ( PI ), S Pitts ( Lead Nurse ), D Branney ( Lead Nurse ), J Frankham.

The Great Western Hospital, Swindon, UK

M Watters ( PI ), H Langton ( Lead Nurse ), R Prout.

Watford General Hospital, Watford, UK

V Page ( PI ), T Varghes.

University Hospital North Durham, Darlington, UK

A Cowton ( PI ), A Kay ( Lead Nurse ), K Potts, M Birt, M Kent, A Wilkinson.

Tameside General Hospital, Ashton Under Lyne, UK

E Jude ( PI ), V Turner ( Lead Nurse ), H Savill, J McCormick, M Clark, M Coulding, S Siddiqui, O Mercer, H Rehman, D Potla.

Princess Royal Hospital Shrewsbury and Royal Shrewsbury Hospital,

Shrewsbury, UK

N Capps ( PI ), D Donaldson ( Lead Nurse ), J Jones, H Button, T Martin, K Hard, A Agasou, L Tonks, T Arden, P Boyle, M Carnahan, J Strickley, C Adams, D Childs, R Rikunenko, M Leigh, M Breekes, R Wilcox, A Bowes, H Tiveran, F Hurford, J Summers, A Carter, Y Hussain, L Ting, A Javaid, N Motherwell, H Moore, H Millward, S Jose, N Schunki, A Noakes, C Clulow.

Arrowe Park Hospital, Wirral, UK

G Sadera ( PI ), R Jacob, C Jones.

The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King’s Lynn, UK

M Blunt ( PI ), Z Coton ( Lead Nurse ), H Curgenven’, S Mohamed Ally, K Beaumont, M Elsaadany, K Fernandes, I Ali Mohamed Ali, H Rangarajan, V Sarathy, S Selvanayagam, D Vedage, M White.

Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, Blackburn, UK

M Smith ( PI ), N Truman ( Co-PI ), S Chukkambotla ( Co-PI ), S Keith ( Lead Nurse ), J Cockerill-Taylor ( Lead Nurse ), J Ryan-Smith, R Bolton, P Springle, J Dykes, J Thomas, M Khan, M T Hijazi, E Massey, G Croston.

Poole Hospital, Poole, UK

H Reschreite r( PI ), J Camsooksai( Lead Nurse ), S Patch, S Jenkins, C Humphrey, B Wadams, J Camsooksai.

Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, UK

N Bhatia ( PI ), M Msiska ( Lead Nurse ), O Adanini.

Warwick Hospital, Warwick, UK

B Attwood ( PI ), P Parsons ( Lead Nurse ).

The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

K Tatham ( PI ), S Jhanji ( Co-PI ), E Black ( Lead Nurse ), A Dela Rosa, R Howle, B Thomas, T Bemand, R Raobaikady.

The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, UK

R Saha ( PI ), N Staines ( Lead Nurse ), A Daniel, J Finn.

Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK

J Hutter ( PI ), P Doble ( Lead Nurse ), C Shovelton, C Pawley.

George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton, UK

T Kannan ( PI ), M Hill.

East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, UK

E Combes ( PI ), S Monnery ( Co-PI ), T Joefield.

West Middlesex Hospital, Isleworth, UK

M Popescu ( PI ), M Thankachen, M Oblak.

Warrington General Hospital, Warrington, UK

J Little ( PI ), S McIvor, A Brady ( Co-PI ), H Whittle, H Prady, R Chan.

Southport and Formby District General Hospital, Ormskirk, UK

A Ahmed ( PI ), A Morris.

Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK

C Gibson ( PI ), E Gordon ( Lead Nurse ), S Keenan ( Lead Nurse ), H Quinn ( Lead Nurse ), S Benyon, S Marriott, L Zitter, L Park, K Baines.

Macclesfield District General Hospital, Macclesfield, UK

M Lyons ( PI ), M Holland ( Lead Nurse ), N Keenan ( Lead Nurse ), M Young.

Borders General Hospital, Melrose, UK

S Garrioch ( PI ), J Dawson ( Lead Nurse ), M Tolson.

Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

B Scholefield ( PI ), R Bi.

William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, UK

N Richardson ( PI ), N Schumacher ( Co-PI ), T Cosier, G Millen.

Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster, UK

A Higham ( PI ), K Simpson ( Lead Nurse ).

Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Hospital, Margate, UK

S Turki( PI ), L Allen ( Lead Nurse ), N Crisp ( Lead Nurse ), T Hazleton, A Knight, J Deery, C Price, S Turney, S Tilbey, E Beranova.

Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK

D Wright ( PI ), L Georg ( Lead Nurse ), S Twiss.

Darlington Memorial Hospital, Darlington, UK

A Cowton ( PI ), S Wadd ( Lead Nurse ), K Postlethwaite.

Southend University Hospital, Westcliff-on-Sea, UK

P Gondo ( PI ), B Masunda ( Lead Nurse ), A Kayani, B Hadebe.

Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK

J Whiteside ( PI ), R Campbell ( Lead Nurse ), N Clarke.

Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK

P Donnison ( PI ), F Trim, I Leadbitter.

Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough, UK

D Butcher ( PI ), S O’Sullivan ( Lead Nurse ).

Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, UK

B Purewal ( PI ), B Purewal ( Lead Nurse ), S Bell, V Rivers’.

Hereford County Hospital, Worcester, UK

R O’Leary( PI ), J Birch ( Lead Nurse ), E Collins ( Lead Nurse ), S Anderson ( Lead Nurse ), K Hammerton, E Andrews.

Furness General Hospital, Barrow-in-Furness, UK

A Higham ( PI ), K Burns ( Lead Nurse ).

Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Falkirk, UK

I Edmond ( PI ), D Salutous ( Lead Nurse ), A Todd, J Donnachie, P Turner, L Prentice, L Symon, N Runciman, F Auld.

Torbay Hospital, Torquay, UK

M Halkes ( PI ), P Mercer ( Lead Nurse ), L Thornton.

St Mary’s Hospital, Newport, UK

G Debreceni ( PI ), J Wilkins, A Brown, V Crickmore.

Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

G Subramanian ( PI ), R Marshall ( Lead Nurse ), C Jennings ( Lead Nurse ), M Latif, L Bunni.

Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK

M Spivey ( PI ), S Bean, K Burt.

Queen Elizabeth Hospital Gateshead, Gateshead, UK

V Linnett( PI ), J Ritzema ( Lead Nurse ), A Sanderson ( Lead Nurse ), W McCormick, M Bokhari.

Kent & Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK

R Kapoor ( PI ), D Loader ( Lead Nurse ).

James Paget University Hospital NHS Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK

A Ayers ( PI ), W Harrison ( Lead Nurse ), J North.

Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, UK

Z Belagodu ( PI ), R Parasomthy ( Co-PI ), O Olufuwa ( Lead Nurse ), A Gherman, B Fuller, C Stuart.

The Alexandra Hospital, Redditch and Worcester Royal Hospital,

Worcester, UK

O Kelsall ( PI ), C Davis ( Co-PI ), L Wild ( Lead Nurse ), H Wood, J Thrush, A Durie, K Austin’, K Archer, P Anderson, C Vigurs.

Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, UK

C Thorpe ( PI ), A Thomas ( Lead Nurse ), E Knights, N Boyle, A Price.

Yeovil Hospital, Yeovil, UK

A Kubisz-Pudelko ( PI ), D Wood ( Lead Nurse ), A Lewis,S Board, L Pippard, J Perry, K Beesley.

University Hospital Hairmyres, East Kilbride, UK

A Rattray( PI ), M Taylor ( Lead Nurse ), E Lee, L Lennon, K Douglas, D Bell, R Boyle, L Glass, A Rattray’

Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe, UK

M Nauman Akhtar ( PI ), K Dent ( Lead Nurse ), D Potoczna, S Pearson, E Horsley, S Spencer.

Princess Royal Hospital Brighton, West Sussex, UK

C Phillips ( PI ), D Mullan ( Lead Nurse ), D Skinner, J Gaylard, L Ortiz- Ruizdegordoa.

Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK

R Barber ( PI ), C Hewitt ( Lead Nurse ), A Hilldrith, S Shepardson, M Wills, K Jackson-Lawrence.

Homerton University Hospital, London, UK

A Gupta ( PI ), A Easthope ( Co-PI ), E Timlick ( Lead Nurse ), C Gorman.

Glangwili General Hospital, Camarthen, UK

I Otaha ( PI ), A Gales ( Co-PI ), S Coetzee ( Lead Nurse ), M Raj, M Peiu.

Ealing Hospital, Southall, UK

V Parris ( PI ), S Quaid ( Lead Nurse ), E Watson.

Scarborough General Hospital, Scarborough, UK

K Elliott ( PI ), J Mallinson ( Co-PI ), B Chandler, A Turnbull.

Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, UK

A Quinn ( PI ), C Finch, C Holl, J Cooper, A Evans.

Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London, UK

W Khaliq ( PI ), A Collins( Lead Nurse ), E Treus Gude.

North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, UK

N Love ( PI ), L van Koutrik, J Hunt ( Lead Nurse ), D Kaye, E Fisher, A Brayne, V Tuckey, P Jackson, J Parkin.

National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK

D Brealey ( PI ), E Raith ( Co-PI ), A Tariq ( Lead Nurse ), H Houlden, A Tucci, J Hardy, E Moncur.

Eastbourne District General Hospital, East Sussex, UK and Conquest

Hospital, East Sussex, UK

J Highgate( PI ), A Cowley ( Lead Nurse ).

Diana Princess of Wales Hospital, Grimsby, UK

A Mitra ( PI ), R Stead ( Lead Nurse ), T Behan, C Burnett, M Newton, E Heeney, R Pollard, J Hatton.

The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

A Patel ( PI ), V Kasipandian ( Co-PI ), S Allibone ( Lead Nurse ), R M Genetu.

Prince Philip Hospital, Lianelli, UK

I Otahal ( PI ), L O’Brien ( Lead Nurse ), Z Omar, E Perkins, K Davies.

Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil, UK

D Tetla ( PI ), C Pothecary, B Deacon.

Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK

B Shelley ( PI ), V Irvine ( Lead Nurse ).

Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK

S Williams ( PI ), P Williams ( Lead Nurse ), J Birch, J Goodsell, R Tutton, L Bough, B Winter-Goodwin.

Calderdale Royal Hospital, Halifax, UK

R Kitson ( PI ), J Pinnell ( Co-PI ), A Wilson ( Lead Nurse ), T Nortcliffe, T Wood, M Home, K Holdroyd, M Robinson, KHanson, R Shaw, J Greig, M Brady, A Haigh, L Matupe, M Usher, S Mellor, S Dale, L Gledhill, L Shaw, G Turner, D Kelly, B Anwar, H Riley, H Sturgeon, A Ali, L Thomis, D Melia, A Dance, K Hanson,

West Suffolk Hospital, Suffolk, UK

S Humphreys ( PI ), I Frost, V Gopal, J Godden, A Holden, S Swann.

West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, UK

T Smith ( PI ), M Clapham ( Lead Nurse ), U Poultney, R Harper, P Rice.

University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK

W Khaliq ( PI ), R Reece-Anthony ( Lead Nurse ), B Gurung.

St John’s Hospital Livingston, Livingston, UK

S Moultrie ( PI ), M Odam.

Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK

A Mayer ( PI ), A Bellini ( Lead Nurse ), A Pickard, J Bryant, N Roe, J Sowter.

Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, UK

D Butcher ( PI ), K Lang, J Taylor.

Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK

P Barry ( PI ).

Bronglais General Hospital, Aberystwyth, UK

M Hobrok ( PI ), H Tench ( Lead Nurse ), R Wolf-Roberts, H McGuinness, R Loosley.

Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK

D Hawcutt ( PI ), L Rad, L O’Malley, ( Lead Nurse ), P Saunderson, G Seddon, T Anderson, N Rogers.

University Hospital Monklands, Airdrie, UK

J Ruddy ( PI ), Margaret H ( Lead Nurse ), M Taylor ( Lead Nurse ), C Beith, A McAlpine, L Ferguson, P Grant, S MacFadyen, M McLaughlin, T Baird, S Rundell, L Glass, B Welsh, R Hamill, F Fisher.

Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK

T Smith ( PI ), J Gregory ( Lead Nurse ), A Brown.